My first tryst with Asimov’s work was back in school and the only thing I remember from that story was “consider all the view points before taking a decision” and that stuck to me ever since. Years later a benevolent friend lent me the first part of the original trilogy – Foundation. Back then I knew neither it was a trilogy nor it won the one-time Hugo best all time series awards ahead of JRR Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings. Though the book was good, I had trouble imagining the world and I felt that the book lacked a proper context. Who’s the old man Hari Seldon? What’s all this about council? Why does his apparition visit after 50 yrs? What exactly is this psycho thingy? (editor note: psychohistory). Questions for which I didn't really get satisfactory answers – which made the experience not as pleasant as it deserved.
Asimov started the original trilogy when he was 21 and finished it around 8 yrs later. It was initially published as a series of short stories in one of the science magazines in the '50s and the books were released only a bit later. The original trilogy was supposed to deal with 1000 yrs of psychohistory that Hari Seldon developed but the books encompassed only 300 yrs of that. As the series seemed to lack a finish, (and after strong persuasion from several readers), Asimov wrote a sequel in 1983, which won another Hugo award to no one's surprise. He "finished" the series with a 5th book in late 80s and that seemed to be, err, that. But for Epsilon-Minus Semi-Morons (readers of Brave New World will get the reference) like me, the first book still lacked context as it talks nothing about development of psychohistory by Seldon. So he wrote two more prequels for the intellectually challenged (yours truly) and that made it a heptalogy.
*minor spoilers ahead*
1. Prelude to the Foundation: (prequel #1)
This book actually deals with Hari Seldon's early life (err, if 30+ is early) and how he became a psychohistorian. It’s several thousand years since the First Galactic Empire was in place with the imperial seat at Trantor. During the reign of Cleon I, a 32-yr old mathematician named Hari Seldon from a distant world Helicon visits Trantor to attend Decennial Mathematics Convention. His theory that the future behavior of a sufficiently large number of people can be predicted using mathematical formulae attracts the attention of the Emperor and his (supposedly evil) First Minister Eto Demerzel. Hoping to take advantage of this theory, Cleon meets Hari Seldon and asks him to tell the people that his psychohistory predicts a peaceful reign under Cleon. Hari refuses saying that his is still a theory and the mathematical formulae weren't really designed yet. Hari meets someone called Chetter Hummin, who warns Hari about Eto Demerzel and takes him away to Streeling University because the Imperial Forces (who can coerce Seldon) do not enter educational institutions. There he meets a historian called Dors Venabili, who becomes his guardian.
Though Hari Seldon is skeptic about developing psychohistory – it takes more than one’s lifetime to come up with all the equations – he works towards the initial development of the said science. He has to find the customs of early history and apply his budding formulae and see if they predict the current situation. (The present is known and if the past can be retrieved, the formulae can be verified by checking if they predict the present from the past – sound logic there). During this course, he meets his future adopted son Raych as well as his future project assistant Yugo Amaryl at Dahl sector and later visits Mycogen, where people hold dearly to their old traditions. Mycogen presents a fascinating argument regarding women’s place in society and the class divide between religious leaders and others. Class divide is evident even in Dahl sector between "normal public" and Billibotton-ers (thugs) and workers of heat sinks.
2. Forward the Foundation: (prequel #2)
So Hari Seldon is hopping from sector to sector on Trantor trying to find historical information, gets into dangerous situations where he's saved by Dors Venabili – who seems to have inhuman power – and manages to somehow survive Mycogen's Sunmaster 14 thanks to Chetter Hummin. Eto Demerzel resigns as First Minister (disappears?) and Seldon is chosen as the next one by the Emperor Cleon. This book has only 4 chapters I believe, each dealing with a specific character and the slow progress of psychohistory – Cleon I, Dors Venabili, Rayach, Wanda Seldon (daughter of Rayach). Yugo Amaryl works himself to death (let that be a lesson to all the workaholics). Hari Seldon gets old and sets up two Foundations – both on the opposite sides of the galaxy – to continue the work.
Though they’re not part of the original trilogy, these two prequels setup the context for what psychohistory is all about and why two Foundations were setup.
*minor spoilers end *
3, 4, 5 – Foundation, Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation (the trilogy) –
So a Foundation is setup on the distant planet of Terminus which has all the super genius physicists. Hari Seldon (his image) visits them during the times of crises – the dude predicted the crisis situations using his formulae, remember – and tells the people that with careful planning, only one solution exists to prevent each crisis and that is the path they must take. If there's one flaw in psychohistory, it is that a single individual can create chaos to the theory by going against the prediction. That is why he had to ensure that only one solution exists to each problem and that solution is what was included in psychohistorical analysis to predict the further events.
So what happens when a single individual goes against the norm? What if he's all too powerful for the super genius physicists of the Foundation? Can a Foundation be *holds breath* defeated? These form the basis of Foundation and Empire. And what of this Second Foundation anyways? It was supposed to be setup along with Foundation at the opposite end of the galaxy. Though everyone’s heard of Foundation, nobody – including Foundation members – have any clue what this Second Foundation is and where it is setup. Once they find out about Second Foundation, what are they gonna do about it?
6, 7 – Foundation’s Edge, Foundation and Earth (sequels) –
6th book is where the Asimov’s genius ends. The final one is a tad boring, tedious and a big part of it is really unnecessary. But we get some very interesting conversations between Janov Pelorat (historian) and Golan Trevize (Foundation councilman, space pilot). They provide a very interesting argument throughout the books about individualism vs collectivism. And we visit some weird worlds during the hunt for the red* earth (ha!).
Overall, a very satisfying read. Intelligent people can read the trilogy and be content. Those who really want the context of the trilogy’s start can read the prequels (they are very well written) too. Those who are adamant to finish all 7 or who want to read a bit more on the individual vs collective (collectief – as us Dutch say) can read the sequels. Asimov’s a genius, I’m planning to pick up his Robot series sometime before I die.
* - original Earth was supposed to be destroyed due to too much radio activity.
Asimov started the original trilogy when he was 21 and finished it around 8 yrs later. It was initially published as a series of short stories in one of the science magazines in the '50s and the books were released only a bit later. The original trilogy was supposed to deal with 1000 yrs of psychohistory that Hari Seldon developed but the books encompassed only 300 yrs of that. As the series seemed to lack a finish, (and after strong persuasion from several readers), Asimov wrote a sequel in 1983, which won another Hugo award to no one's surprise. He "finished" the series with a 5th book in late 80s and that seemed to be, err, that. But for Epsilon-Minus Semi-Morons (readers of Brave New World will get the reference) like me, the first book still lacked context as it talks nothing about development of psychohistory by Seldon. So he wrote two more prequels for the intellectually challenged (yours truly) and that made it a heptalogy.
*minor spoilers ahead*
1. Prelude to the Foundation: (prequel #1)
This book actually deals with Hari Seldon's early life (err, if 30+ is early) and how he became a psychohistorian. It’s several thousand years since the First Galactic Empire was in place with the imperial seat at Trantor. During the reign of Cleon I, a 32-yr old mathematician named Hari Seldon from a distant world Helicon visits Trantor to attend Decennial Mathematics Convention. His theory that the future behavior of a sufficiently large number of people can be predicted using mathematical formulae attracts the attention of the Emperor and his (supposedly evil) First Minister Eto Demerzel. Hoping to take advantage of this theory, Cleon meets Hari Seldon and asks him to tell the people that his psychohistory predicts a peaceful reign under Cleon. Hari refuses saying that his is still a theory and the mathematical formulae weren't really designed yet. Hari meets someone called Chetter Hummin, who warns Hari about Eto Demerzel and takes him away to Streeling University because the Imperial Forces (who can coerce Seldon) do not enter educational institutions. There he meets a historian called Dors Venabili, who becomes his guardian.
Though Hari Seldon is skeptic about developing psychohistory – it takes more than one’s lifetime to come up with all the equations – he works towards the initial development of the said science. He has to find the customs of early history and apply his budding formulae and see if they predict the current situation. (The present is known and if the past can be retrieved, the formulae can be verified by checking if they predict the present from the past – sound logic there). During this course, he meets his future adopted son Raych as well as his future project assistant Yugo Amaryl at Dahl sector and later visits Mycogen, where people hold dearly to their old traditions. Mycogen presents a fascinating argument regarding women’s place in society and the class divide between religious leaders and others. Class divide is evident even in Dahl sector between "normal public" and Billibotton-ers (thugs) and workers of heat sinks.
2. Forward the Foundation: (prequel #2)
So Hari Seldon is hopping from sector to sector on Trantor trying to find historical information, gets into dangerous situations where he's saved by Dors Venabili – who seems to have inhuman power – and manages to somehow survive Mycogen's Sunmaster 14 thanks to Chetter Hummin. Eto Demerzel resigns as First Minister (disappears?) and Seldon is chosen as the next one by the Emperor Cleon. This book has only 4 chapters I believe, each dealing with a specific character and the slow progress of psychohistory – Cleon I, Dors Venabili, Rayach, Wanda Seldon (daughter of Rayach). Yugo Amaryl works himself to death (let that be a lesson to all the workaholics). Hari Seldon gets old and sets up two Foundations – both on the opposite sides of the galaxy – to continue the work.
Though they’re not part of the original trilogy, these two prequels setup the context for what psychohistory is all about and why two Foundations were setup.
*minor spoilers end *
3, 4, 5 – Foundation, Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation (the trilogy) –
So a Foundation is setup on the distant planet of Terminus which has all the super genius physicists. Hari Seldon (his image) visits them during the times of crises – the dude predicted the crisis situations using his formulae, remember – and tells the people that with careful planning, only one solution exists to prevent each crisis and that is the path they must take. If there's one flaw in psychohistory, it is that a single individual can create chaos to the theory by going against the prediction. That is why he had to ensure that only one solution exists to each problem and that solution is what was included in psychohistorical analysis to predict the further events.
So what happens when a single individual goes against the norm? What if he's all too powerful for the super genius physicists of the Foundation? Can a Foundation be *holds breath* defeated? These form the basis of Foundation and Empire. And what of this Second Foundation anyways? It was supposed to be setup along with Foundation at the opposite end of the galaxy. Though everyone’s heard of Foundation, nobody – including Foundation members – have any clue what this Second Foundation is and where it is setup. Once they find out about Second Foundation, what are they gonna do about it?
6, 7 – Foundation’s Edge, Foundation and Earth (sequels) –
6th book is where the Asimov’s genius ends. The final one is a tad boring, tedious and a big part of it is really unnecessary. But we get some very interesting conversations between Janov Pelorat (historian) and Golan Trevize (Foundation councilman, space pilot). They provide a very interesting argument throughout the books about individualism vs collectivism. And we visit some weird worlds during the hunt for the red* earth (ha!).
Overall, a very satisfying read. Intelligent people can read the trilogy and be content. Those who really want the context of the trilogy’s start can read the prequels (they are very well written) too. Those who are adamant to finish all 7 or who want to read a bit more on the individual vs collective (collectief – as us Dutch say) can read the sequels. Asimov’s a genius, I’m planning to pick up his Robot series sometime before I die.
* - original Earth was supposed to be destroyed due to too much radio activity.
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